Experimental task. Te experimental paradigm was programmed using Cogent 2000 v125 (http://www.vislab.ucl.ac.uk/cogent.php) and Matlab R2015b (Te MathWorks, Inc.) and was projected onto a screen andpresented to the participants in the scanner through a mirror on the head coil. Te distance from the eyes of theparticipants to the screen was 50cm. Stimuli were white and displayed…
Prior to the fMRI activation runs, a resting-state run was acquired except in patients #1–4 and #17. The resting-state acquisition consisted of one single 6-min run during which the patients kept their eyes closed and had to avoid moving or falling asleep. Then, the patients performed two consecutive activation runs of motor skill learning with…
Subjects were seated approximately 86 cm in front of a projection screen (Panasonic PT-DS12KE: 49.6 × 37.2 cm, 1024 × 768 pixels, 60-Hz refresh rate) inside the magnetically shielded room. Stimuli were controlled by a Dell computer using Matlab and PsychToolbox-3 (Brainard, 1997; Pelli, 1997). Subjects’ behavioral responses were recorded by an MEG-compatible mouse system (FOM-2B-10B…
The experimental tasks were projected onto a screen and presented to the participants in the scanner through a mirror on the head coil using Cogent 2000 v125 (http://www.vislab.ucl.ac.uk/cogent.php) and Matlab R2015b (The MathWorks Inc.). The distance from the eyes of the participants to the screen was 50 cm. Stimuli were white and displayed on a…
Stimuli were presented on a 22-in. Samsung SyncMaster monitor (spatial resolution 1680 X 1050; refresh rate 120 Hz) at a distance of 60 cm. A chin and forehead rest preserved the distance. The presentation of stimuli and response recording were controlled using PsychoPy psychology software for Python (Peirce 2007, 2008). Participants were provided with button response pads (NAtA Technologies)…
fMRI data were acquired on a 3 T Siemens MAGNETOM Verio MRI scanner with a 12-channel head array. Key presses were recorded using an MR-compatible response keypad (Nata Technologies). Acoustic stimuli were delivered via MR-compatible insert earphones (MR confon HP AT01; MR Confon). Participants were equipped with over-ear hearing protectors during the experiment to attenuate…
Experimental Tasks Two different tasks were used, a simple piloting task of level flight over the ocean and a more complex piloting task through the Grand Canyon. We used the first task to develop a method for decoding of neural states associated with response to a perturbation and the second task to investigate the generalizability…
The fMRI measurements were done on a 3-T scanner (Magnetom Prisma 3T, Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany), equipped with a 20-channel head coil. The response scale and a fixation cross (see below) were projected onto a screen in the scanner bore and could be seen by the participants via a mirror construction mounted onto the head…
The present experimental design resembled that of our previous study (Ulrich et al., 2014). Major changes, however, applied to the length and number of blocks to meet the requirements imposed by the experimental realization as an fMRI block design to measure the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal. Subjects performed visually presented mental arithmetic tasks. On each trial,…
Participants navigated the virtual environments using a joystick (behavioral experiment, Trust GXT 555 Predator; fMRI experiment, MR-compatible joystick from Nata Technologies, Coquitlam, Canada), allowing them to move forward, turn left, or turn right. Moving backward was not possible so that movement direction was equivalent with heading direction. In each subtask, participants’ speed was attenuated when…
The virtual reality task was programmed using UnrealEngine2 Runtime software (Epic Games; http://udn.epicgames.com/). The unit for all coordinates is the virtual meter (1 vm = 62.5 Unreal Units). Participants navigated in a first person view within a 3-dimensional virtual environment (VE) as shown in Fig. 1A. While participants were lying in the MRI scanner, the…
To assess whether effects extended beyond resting state to tasks that increased cognitive load and therefore brain metabolic demand, for the diet study and case study, participants additionally navigated virtual reality mazes using an MR-compatible joystick (Nata Technologies). We created these mazes using the Aldous–Broder algorithm in Daedalus (https://www.astrolog.org/labyrnth/daedalus.htm) and programmed them for a virtual…
The fMRI session took place the next day. The participant’s laptop was connected to a high-resolution LCD screen in the scanner room. The screen was visible to the participant in the scanner via a mirror positioned at the top of the radiofrequency head coil. Participants interacted with their laptop using an MRI-compatible optical mouse (NAtA…
Healthy controls underwent 3T MRI (MAGNETOM TrioTim, Siemens, Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany) to acquire: (a) T1-weighted volumetric sequence (TR = 11.0 ms, TE = 5.0 ms, FOV = 1536*1536 mm2, matrix = 208*256, slice thickness = 8.0 mm, flip angle = 7.0°), and (b) two runs of gradient echo planar imaging fMRI (TR = 1.5…
The present experimental design resembled that of our previous study ( Ulrich et al. , 2014 ). Major changes, however, applied to the length and number of blocks to meet the requirements imposed by the experimental realization as an fMRI block design to measure the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal. Subjects performed visually presented mental arithmetic tasks. On each trial,…
The tasks were developed using Pygame 1.9.1. Participants played two different games: a numerical game termed the “harbormaster game” and a visuo-spatial game termed the “nursery game.” In the harbormaster game, participants were asked to play the role of a harbormaster at a busy port. As such, participants were presented with three boats arriving at…